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Computational and experimental studies of pressure distributions contribute to better designs in aerospace, wind energy, and fluid mechanics applications. However, if the airfoil experiences flow separation, the pressure does not fully recover, leading to increased drag. As the air moves towards the trailing edge, the pressure starts to recover, and the pressure coefficients on the upper and lower surfaces tend to merge. At low angles of attack, the lower surface contributes minimally to lift, but at higher angles, the pressure difference increases. As the air moves past this point, it accelerates along the surface, causing a sharp drop in pressure on the upper surface. Wall function modelscompensate for the resulting error in the prediction of byincreasing viscosity at the wall.
The lower surface typically experiences higher pressure than the upper surface, but the distribution is relatively mild compared to the upper surface. At the leading edge, the airflow directly impacts the airfoil, causing a stagnation point where velocity is zero and pressure is maximum (Cp≈1). Understanding wall pressure distribution is essential in designing efficient airfoils for applications in aviation, wind energy, and even sports engineering. With turbulentboundary layers, the calculation requires cells with very smalllengths normal to the wall to be accurate.
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